3rd Quarter Extra Credit - 3.17.13

 

 

Kiaya Nickens

Mr. Sanchez

Christian in the World-p.8

March 17, 2013

Extra Credit: The Monastic Community

 

1. Why might it be easier to practice Buddhism if you're a monk or a nun?

It might be easier to practice Buddhism because monks and nuns are already have taken an oath to the of disciplinary rules called the Vinaya. A disciplinary code called the Patimokkha was also compiled in order to regulate the day-to-day conduct of the members of the Order. The difficulty that is to take the oath for all Buddhists, nuns and monks have already taken that oath as a lifestyle. Monks and nuns have taken an oath to sexual intercourse, theft, taking of a human life, false proclamation of miraculous powers. All of these oaths that the individuals of the Order must take and also must maintain the monks and nuns have already committed to living the lifestyle.

Another reason why monks and nuns may have an easier time practicing Buddhism. Because monks and nuns have devoted their lives to solitude and to focusing their life to their religion. But implementing their lifestyle into their practice of Buddhism that will make their devotion to their religion will be a great devotion to the religion in general.

 

2. What are the main differences between the rules for a Theravadin monk/nun and a monk/nun in the Tibetan tradition?

A Theravadin monk/nun -Buddhism is unique among Indian Religions in that Buddha, as founder of a spiritual tradition, explicitly states in canonical literature that a woman is as capable of nirvana (enlightenment) as a man, and can fully attain all four stages of enlightenment in the Dhamma and Vinaya of the Buddha Sasana. There is no equivalent, in other traditions, of the Therigatha or Apadanas which record the high levels of spiritual attainment by women.

This is different in Tibetan tradition monk/nun -In recent years, due to the repressive conditions in Tibet, an influx of nuns have arrived to join the refugee communities in India and Nepal. Ranging in age from pre-teen to mid-eighties, these nuns come from all parts of Tibet and from many different backgrounds. Upon arrival in India, many nuns are suffering severely from the stresses of their long, arduous and often dangerous journeys of escape. Some have faced torture and imprisonment at the hands of the Chinese authorities in Tibet and are enduring immense physical and emotional pain. In most cases, the nuns arrive without money or possessions. In this Indian religion women play a more submissive role.

 

3. Could any rules governing the lives of monks/nuns be modified or done away with altogether, without compromising the purpose and integrity of ordination? If so, which ones and why?

Yes, I do believe that the rules of governing the lives of monks/nuns . The one law that I believe should be changed is the following: They must respect the leadership of the Party and government, respect the Socialist system, strenuously study relevant official policies and voluntarily accept the leadership and oversight of government offices at all levels. The reason for this is because although they have devoted their lives to their religion doesn’t mean they should not be allowed to voice their opinion about the social and political structure of society.

Korean Buddhist Nuns from the Choir ^^

Blog Post 22 - Ancient Western Religions

Kiaya Nickens

Mr. Sanchez

Christian in the World – p.8

March 14, 2013

Blog Post 22 - Ancient Western Religions

 

1. When and where did Zoroastrianism begin to flourish?

Zoroastrianism began to flourish throughout Iran  during the Persian Empire, which occurred during the 5^th and 4^th centuries.

 

2. How did Zoroastrianism spread beyond its place of origin?

Alexander the Great conquered Persia which resulted in the culture of Zoroastrianism to spread among Persia and other countries.

 

3. Briefly describe the religious experience Zarathustra had at age 30.

Zarathustra at the age of thirty years old came in contact with an angel called Good Thought, Good Thought brought him a soul called Ahura Mazda. From that point on Zarathustra recognized Ahura Mazda as the only true God.

 

4. Name the sacred text of Zoroastrianism. What is the oldest material in this text, and who wrote it?

Avesta is the sacred text of Zoroastrianism. The oldest material within the Avesta is the Gathas. Zarathustra wrote the Gathas.

 

5. Summarize the characteristics and actions associated with the Ahura Mazda.

The Ahura Mazda is characterized as eternal and universal goodness. The Ahura Mazda controls all cosmos and the destiny of all human beings, the Ahura Mazda is the father of the pathway of the sun. “By whom the moos waxes and wanes”, is how Zarathustra characterized the Ahura Mazda.

 

6.  What is Ethical Dualism?

Ethical Dualism is the belief in universal forces of good and evil. In Zoroastrianism, Ethical Dualism is the most distinctive feature.

 

7.  What is the LIE, and how does is relate to the Ahura Mazda?

The LIE is a belief that evil really exists, and that the LIE is really present in the world. This challenges monotheism of the Ahura Mazda. If an evil force really is this powerful to be among us than the Ahura Mazda may not really exist.

 

8. What must humans choose between in the Zoroastrianism comic scheme?

Humans much choose between truth and the LIE, which is the beneficent of the spirit and the hostile spirit.

 

9. Summarize Zarathustra’s understanding of human destiny.

Zarathustra’s understanding of human destiny is that after death individuals undergo Judgement. Which requires a crossing the Bridge Separator, which starts out as torment then leads to paradise.

10. Where are the general ethical demands of traditional Zoroastrianism life?

The general demands are caring for the livestock and fields. Generally one is to lead a simple life of always telling the truth and doing what is right.  Great care should be taken to avoid evil and the LIE.

 

11. Who are the Parsis’, and where do most of them live today?

The Parsis’ are the modern Zoroastrianism practices, most of them reside in India in today’s world.

 

12. What are commonly regarded as having been the Bible of the ancient Greeks?

The epic poems of Homer entitled Illiad and Odyssey are the books that were regarded as the Bible of the ancient Greeks.

 

13. Explain the meaning of this sentence: The Gods of the Olympian pantheon  are anthropomorphic?

The meaning of this sentence means that the gods of the Olympian pantheon have or are in human form and human characteristics.

 

14. What was Aeschylus’ main contribution to the understanding of the gods of the Olympian pantheon? Give an example.

Aeschylus’ contributed to the new ideas of Homeric religion. He became concerned particularly with the idea of Divine justice.  The play Agamemnom explain humans suffering as the divine plan of Zeus.

 

15. What is an oracle? What is the most famous oracle of ancient Greece, and why was it consulted?

An oracle was a sanctuary favored by a particular god, which was communicated by those who visited the site of the god. The most famous oracle was Delphi, Delphi was consulted because his wisdom was sought out.

 

16. Briefly identify the three basic aspects of the mystery religions:

- Individuals had to choose to become initiates, and they went through some form of initiation ritual .

- Initiates experienced a personal encounter with the deity.

- Initiates gained spiritual renewal through participation in the religion and, as with most mystery religions, hope for a better afterlife.

 

17. What mystery religion honored Demeter and Persephone?

The mystery religion of Eleusion (religion par excellence) honored Demeter as well as his daughter Persephone.

18. What is the god Dionysus associated with , and how is he often depicted as in Greek art?

Dionysus is classified as the god of fertility. Dionysus is often depicted through Greek art with grapes and vines. Dionysus often appeared in art of wild vegetation of hills and mountains.

 

19. Name the goal of the ascetic practices of the Orphics.

The goals of the ascetic practices on the Orhics was that the soul might eventually escape the body and realize the divinity of Dionysus nature.

 

20. What is Plato’s theory of knowledge?

Plato’s theory of knowledge is that we have knowledge of things because we have had that experience in a previous life.

 

21. What is Platonic Dualism?

Platonic Dualism is the connection between the mind and the body, in which both become one.

 

22. Why did Jesus seem to have much in common with the ancient Asclepius?

Jesus seemed to have much in common with the ancient inhabit because both were referred to as Saviors and the closeness of the worshippers and Asclepius which resembles the relationship between Christians and Christ.

 

23. What were numina, and what sorts of things were they thought to inhabit?

Numina are supernatural powers. These powers were thought to populate homes, towns, and the countryside.

 

24. Who was the most powerful Roman deity?

The most powerful Romans deity was Jupiter, the sky god.

25. Identify the 6 planets of our solar system that are named after Roman deities.

The 6 planets that are named after our solar system are the following: Jupiter, Venus, Mars, Neptune, Mercury, and Saturn.

 

26. Why did the Roman state consider it essential to maintain official worship practice?

It was believed to help ensure the welfare of the Roman state.

 

27. Which mystery religions were the main rivals of Christianity in the later Roman Empire?

The mystery religion that was the main rival with Christianity in the later Roman Empire was the Mithraism mystery religion.

 

28. Briefly summarize the Egyptian  myth of Iris and Osiris.

The Egyptian myth of Iris and Osiris was that Osiris (Iris’ husband) was killed and cut into pieces by Iris’ evil brother. Iris looked for Osiris’ body parts, and when she found them she mummified his body parts and that brought him back to life. And when Osiris came back to life he became the god of the underworld.

 

29.  Briefly describe the sort of emperor worship encouraged by Augustus.

The type of emperor worship that was encouraged by Augustus was not on himself but on the genius guardian spirit that he designed.

30.  Why did Christians and Roman rulers clash over emperor worship?

The Christians and the Romans clashed over emperor worship because Romans believed that Christians did not support the state by not worshipping the emperor, and Christians did not worship the emperor because that would go against their entire belief of only worshipping the one true God.

Judaism Assignment - 3.10.13

Kiaya Nickens

Mr. Sanchez

Christian in the World – p.8

March 11, 2013

Judaism Questions:

 

1. What are the three functions of a synagogue?

The three functions of a synagogue are the following :

-          1.House of Assembly- Here Jews use this as a meeting place. Within Judaism there are strong roots of a communal society. The synagogue is the place where people meet to pray, study, celebrate, mourn, and socialize. Jews receive support and guidance through the advice of the community, this foundation begins in synagogues.

-           2.House of Study- The main function of a synagogue is used as a place to study. In synagogues Jews study the Torah.

-          3. 3.House of Prayer- Here individuals meet for prayer, Judaism requires prayer three times a day.

2. What does the layout of a synagogue look like? Check out the various items and then identify the purpose and location of the following:

Ark- The aron ha-kodesh (the holy ark) serves as the replacement for when the Torah is not used. The Holy ark also serves as the focal point while an individual is praying. Above the ark stands an eternal light that represents the eternal light of the Temple. The ark can be decorated in many ways and come in many different sizes, shapes, and materials. The core of the ark is a cabinet that contains the Torah scrolls.

Torah Scrolls-usually has a parokhet or curtain covering it. For specific holidays some Torah Scrolls are decorated with white cloth to recognize its purity. But ordinarily the Torah Scrolls are decorated with elaborate jewels and rhinestones.

Ten Commandments-  Located below the Torah Scrolls

3. What is a rabbi?

In the Jewish community, a rabbi is viewed not only as a spiritual leader but as a counselor, a role model and an educator. Rabbi literally means teacher.

-          How does a Jew become a rabbi?

To become a rabbi one would usually train for about five years at seminaries such as Hebrew Union College (Reform) or The Jewish Theological Seminary (Conservative). Orthodox rabbis will usually train at Orthodox seminaries called yeshivot.

-          How does a rabbi differ from a clergyman?

Rabbi’s differ from clergymen because clergymen guide the members of the community while rabbi’s teach members of the community.

-          What is the rabbi’s role?

A rabbi is viewed not only as a spiritual leader but as a counselor, a role model and an educator.

 4. What is the nature Shabbat? (also called Sabbath) When does it occur?

The nature of the Sabbath is a day of prayer spent in synagogues. But the nature of the Sabbath is to devote one day out of the entire week and focus on the more important things in life other than work and school primarily for one’s faith and observance. The Sabbath occurs on the seventh day of the week, which is Saturday.

 

 5. What is the Torah? What is the Talmud?

 

-          Torah - Torah" refers to the Five Books of Moses: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. But the word "torah" can also be used to refer to the entire Jewish bible. To Jews, there is no "Old Testament." The books that Christians call the New Testament are not part of Jewish scripture.

-          Talmud – the Talmud is the Oral Torah. There is a tradition explaining what the above scriptures mean and how to interpret them and apply the Laws.

6. There are different branches of Judaism. Describe the following…

Orthodox: They believe God gave the whole Torah to Moses at Mt. Sinai,  Orthodox are sometimes called "modern" Orthodox

Reform: German rabbi Abraham Geiger suggested reforming Judaism by underplaying traditional beliefs, and have a greater focus instead on the acceptance and promotion of moral law and monotheism. These ideas eventually led to the start what is now referred to as  Reform Judaism

Conservative: Conservative Judaism believes that while sacred Jewish writings did come from God, there was a human component. Although Jewish law should be obeyed, it must adapt.

Zionist: While a few secular and some Orthodox Jews remain anti-Zionist, support for Israel is now overwhelming.

 

7. What is Hebrew?

It was the language of the early Jews, but from 586 BC it started to be replaced by Aramaic.

 

8. What is Yiddish?

Yiddish was the primary language of Ashkenazic Jews in the shtetl, found throughout eastern and central Europe.

 

 9. Define the following Yiddish terms:

Mazal Tov: "good luck/fortune" in Hebrew and has been incorporated into Yiddish, and is now used in English as well. It is often used in place of "congratulations."

                                                                                                

Shalom: Shalom means"peace." Peace is only one small part of the meaning. "Shalom" is used to both greet people and to bid them farewell, and it means much more than "peace, hello or goodbye.

 

Mitzvah: a precept or commandment of the Jewish law.

 

10. Rites of Passage – Use this link to define and describe the following:

 

Brit Milah (Bris): A part of Jewish birth is the ceremony of circumcision.

Bar/Bat Mitzvah: From the age of 13 and a day onward, a Jew is counted as part of a minyan [the quorum required for public prayer], eligible to read Torah publicly, and obligated to fulfill the dictates of Jewish life.

Jewish Marriage: Originally, a Jewish marriage was proposed in two stages: Kiddushin (betrothal) and Nisu'in (marriage). Through the Talmudic period, these two stages,  were acted one year apart; by the Middle Ages, they had been combined, as they are today. According to the Mishnah, a Jewish marriage is a legal contract which can be formed in three ways. Which are the following: (1) with money (as when a man hands a woman an object of value for the purpose of contracted marriage, and in the presence of two witnesses, and she accepts); (2) through a written contract; (3) or by sexual intercourse, a method strongly discouraged by the Sages.

 

11. Holidays –

Rosh Hoshanah- Rosh Hashanah occurs on the first and second days of Tishri. In Hebrew, Rosh Hashanah means, literally, "head of the year" or "first of the year." Rosh Hashanah is commonly known as the Jewish New Year

Yom Kippur- Many Jews who do not observe any other Jewish custom will refrain from work, fast and/or attend synagogue services on this day. Yom Kippur occurs on the 10th day of Tishri.

Hanukah- Hanukah is Jewish Christmas, which mirrors many many of the Christmas customs, such as exchanging gift and various decoration.

Passover- Pesach begins on the 15th day of the Jewish month of Nissan.

 

12. What is something you knew about Jewish traditions that this confirmed?

Something that is confirmed about the Jewish traditions that this lesson confirms is the practice of the Sabbath. I heard that the Sabbath was on Sundays but sometimes I heard it was on Saturdays, and this lesson confirms the conflict.

 

 13. What is the most interesting or surprising information out of all of this?

The most interesting/ surprising information about all of this lesson is the intricate process that Jews go through during their marriage process.

 

 14. What is one aspect of Jewish tradition which is similar to a tradition in your life?

One aspect of Jewish tradition that is similar to a tradition in my life specifically is the tradition of Jewish Bar Mitzvah’s. This is similar to my family tradition of when an individual in my family turns 16. My family throws a large family party and highlights how much that 16 year old has grown and how they are at the starting point of adulthood.

 

15. What is one aspect of Jewish tradition that is different from a tradition in your life?

One aspect of Jewish tradition that is different from my traditional way of life is their marriage system. It’s much more intricate than my traditional views of marriage.

Buddhism Questions - 2-28-13

Kiaya Nickens

Mr. Sanchez

Christian in the World – p. 8

February 28, 2013

Buddhism Questions:

1.  What was the name of the man who later became the Buddha and founded the religion of Buddhism?

The name of the man who later became the Buddha and founded the religion of Buddhism is named Siddhartha Gautama.

 

2. What were the four passing Sights? Explain their significance to the origins of Buddhism.

The four passing sights that Siddhartha saw were the following: an old man, sick man, dead man and the ascetic man. The passing sights gave Siddhartha elation and hope, from these sights he formed the foundation of Buddhism which states that all life is suffering.

 

3. Explain the doctrine of the Middle Way.

The Middle Way doctrine is a Buddhist teaching that rejects the pleasures of sensual indulgence and the self- denial of asceticism, and focuses mainly on the practical approach to spiritual fulfillment.

 

4. Describe the event of Gautama’s attainment of enlightenment.

 Gautama’s attainment of enlightenment by discovering the four Noble Truths. Gautama had attained enlightenment which is spiritual perfection within one’s life, and through this enlightenment salvation is obtained.

 

5. What is the Sangha? Who are its members?

The Sangha is the first Buddhist monastic community. The members of this community included men and women from all walks of life. The sangha had specific roles for monks and nuns and a defined relationship with the lay people.

 

6. What are the three jewels of Buddhism?

The three jewels of Buddhism are the following : The Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha.

 

7. What features of Buddhist cosmology are shared with Hinduism?

Some features of cosmology that are shared with Hinduism is that both religions regard time as cynical. Another feature is that they maintain that the universe as eternal. Both Hinduism and Buddhism are regarded as eternal. The basic cosmology of both religions is the doctrine of samsara which is the wheel of rebirth, which states that individuals are to be reborn continuously.

8. Describe the Buddhist reaction against early Hinduism.

Gautama rejected the institutional structure of Hinduism, for example how each of the classes of individuals played specific roles pertaining to the sacred text.

 

9. Identify the three Marks of Existence. How are they interrelated?

The three Marks of Existence include the following: Anatta, Anicca, and Dukkha. The three marks are all interrelated because the all have the same message.

 

10 What is the doctrine of anatta? How does it relate to the teaching of Atman?

The doctrine of anatta includes that there is no reality within, no essence of underlining existence. This relates to the teaching of Atman because Atman teaches that everything is one being or the same reality, and anatta teaches there is no reality which is saying everything is the same which is the same message as Atman.

 

11. According to the Buddhist doctrine of samsara, what is actually reborn? Explain the role of karma in the Buddhist understanding of samsara.

 In the Buddhist doctrine of samsara, what is actually being reborn is the transference of energy that is being reborn. Karma is the same in Buddhism as it is in Hinduism which states it as the moral law of cause and effect. Karma in Buddhist understanding states that rebirth or samsara depends on ones Karma.

 

12. List the 5 Precepts, which apply to all Buddhist. Then list the five additional precepts that apply to monks and nuns.

The 5 precepts that apply to all Buddhist are the following:

-          Do not take life

-          Do not take what is not given

-          Do not engage in sensuous misconduct

-          Do not use false speech

-          Do not drink intoxicants

The five precepts that apply to monks and nuns are the following:

-          Do not eat after noon

-          Do not watch dancing or shows

-          Do not use garlands, perfumes, or ornaments

-          Do not use a high or soft bed

-          Do not accept gold or silver

13. What are the possible English translations of the term dukkha? Explain its meaning in your own words.

Some of the possible English translation for the term dukkha is the “frustration” “dislocation”or “discomfort” . Which indicates that all human beings must encounter suffering throughout their lives.

14. What is tanha? How does it relate to dukkha?

Tanha is “thirst” or “desire”. Tanha is the second of the Noble Truths. Tanha causes dukkha.

 

15. List the steps to Eightfold Path.

- Right Views

- Right Intentions

- Right Speech

- Right Conduct

- Right Live hood

-Right Effort

-Right Mindfulness

- Right meditation.

 

16. What is the difference between the Buddha and other who attained enlightenment?

The difference between the Buddha and other who attained enlightenment is that the Buddha has reached the stage of nirvana. Which is liberation from samsara.

 

17. Define and briefly describe the character of arhat.

Arhat is the one who has become enlightened, the ideal type of  Thervada in Buddhism. Arhat has become enlightened, and awakened and is worthy of nirvana.

 

18. What is the literal meaning of Nirvana. How does this help explain the concept of Nirvana.

The literal meaning of Nirvana is “Blowing Out”. This explains the concept of Nirvana because it relates to the concept that everything is over or done with.

 

19. What are the three divisions of Buddhism?

The three divisions of Buddhism are the following: Theravada, Mahayanna, and the Vajrayana.

 

20. What is the main focus of Theravada Buddhism?

The main focus of Theravada Buddhism is teaching or cultivating wisdom through knowing the four Noble Truths and practicing the Eightfold Path such as meditation.

 

21. What is the literal meaning of the name Mahayana, and what are the implications of this meaning?

The literal meaning of the name Mahayana is the Great Vehicle. The implications of this meaning is celebrating the Buddha himself as a savior of their people.

 

22. How does Vajrayana Buddhism “fight fire with fire”?

Vajrayana “fights fire with fire” by harnessing energy and turning it against itself. With the end goal of nirvana.

 

23. Who is the Dalai Lama? How is the Dalai Lama chosen?

The Dalia Lama is the spiritual leader of Vajrayana, the Dalai Lama is chosen by supernatural ways as well as mundane ways to choose the successor.

24. What are the primary geographical regions of the three divisions of Buddhism?

The primary geographical regions of the three divisions of Buddhism is Tibet.

Intro to Buddhism

Kiaya Nickens

Mr. Sanchez

Christian in the World – p.8

February 10, 2013

 

Introduction to Buddhism:

*The Buddha Summary:

 

Buddhism the religion in its entirety began with the “Buddha”. Buddhist refer to the Buddha as the “one who is awake”.  The Buddha was born as Siddhartha Gautama in Nepal around 2,500 years ago. Unlike most prophets, Siddhartha did not claim to be any type of “god” or “prophet”. Siddhartha was simply an individual that became enlightened in an intense way. Siddhartha was exposed to some of the world’s devastating sites. Siddhartha after being isolated or sheltered from the real world saw sickness, death, and old age. Siddhartha was born in a very privileged royal family which was the cause of him being sheltered. Siddhartha viewing old age, sickness and death aided in his desire to answer the question “What is Life?”. Siddhartha decided to leave his privileged life in his families palace to discover what life is.

Siddhartha searched long and hard during his period of wandering but never discovered the answer to what life really is. After his journey, Siddhartha decided to trust in his intuition and experience to answer his question. During his final 45 years of his life he taught to Northern India about what being enlightened entails. He shared how his personal experiences aided him in becoming an enlightened individual.

The important, or distinct difference of the Buddha opposed to other founders of other religions is that the Buddha (Siddhartha) never claimed he was of the divine nature. The Buddha never referred to himself as any type of god, he was simply an ordinary man who was fascinated with what the meaning of life entailed. And through a period of intensive searching, the Buddha became enlightened to what the meaning of life entails.

 

Major Teachings of Buddhism:

 

One main teaching of Buddhism occurred after Siddhartha’s enlightenment. The Buddha envisioned the entire human race as a bed of lotus flowers. All of the lotus flowers were in different forms, some of the flowers were still in mud, some were bloomed, and some were in the process of blooming. The bed of lotus flowers represents the abilities of the human race, some have reached their potential, some are in the process and some haven’t began to reach their potential.

The heart of teachings of Buddhism, is called the three jewels. The three jewels includes the Buddha (The Yellow Jewel),  Dharma (The Blue Jewel), and Sangha (The Red Jewel). The three jewels are also referred to as the Three Treasures as well. By implementing the Three Jewels within one’s life, that is how one becomes a Buddhist.

Threefold Way of ethics, meditation, and wisdom. This is a path that demonstrates progression. The ethics of the Threefold Way serves as a conscience which is the basis for meditation.  The ethical code within the Threefold way is referred to as the five precepts. The five precepts are principles of training. Meditation is the second stage of the threefold way. The aim of all Buddhist practices is The aim of all Buddhist practices.

The four noble truths are the following:

-          All existence is dukkha- which states that all human beings will experience suffering. And the problem with existence is that one will not find happiness through any experiences that has occurred in their life.

-          The cause of dukkha is craving-  we as humans have the tendency to blame our bad experiences on outside factors, but in actuality these band experiences are due to the mind itself

-          The cessation of dukkha comes with the cessation of craving- We are both the solution and cause of all of our difficulties

-          There is a path that leads from dukkha- everything is the responsibility of the individual but we do have the ability to change ourselves.

 

The Buddha’s ‘Noble Eightfold Path’ is an extension of the Buddha’s Threefold way. This is the most popular within the teachings of Buddha. The Noble Eightfold Path serves as a mutual relationship to one other and are each essential elements in an integrated approach to the Dharma:

1.Right Understanding or Perfect Vision

2.Right Resolve or Perfect Emotion

            3.Right Speech or Perfect Speech

            4.Right Action or Perfect Action

            5.Right Livelihood or Perfect Livelihood

            6.Right Effort or Perfect Effort

            7.Right Mindfulness or Perfect Awareness

8.​Right Meditation or Perfect Samadhi